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How the Battery System Works

When you’re learning about something new, it’s easy to feel overwhelmed by the sheer amount of relevant information available.

This informative article should help you focus on the central points.

Hybrid cars are one of the latest innovations in the auto industry today. It makes it possible for people to save a lot of money from the rising cost of fuel and also makes it possible for everyone using a hybrid car to help in conserving the cleanliness of the environment.

With a hybrid car, you will save a lot of money from the constantly rising gasoline prices and at the same time, help in lessening the pollution level.

Hybrid cars today are getting more and more popular. In fact, more and more people are now considering getting rid of their gas-guzzling conventional car and purchase a hybrid car which can benefit them more.

However, not all people can really see the benefits of hybrid cars. Some people think that hybrid cars tend to be more expensive than conventional cars. But what they don’t see is the long term benefits that a hybrid car can offer.

If you compare hybrid cars to conventional cars, you will see that once you compute the total amount of gasoline you have to use during the car’s lifetime, youwill save more on the hybrid car even if it is more expensive in the retail price department.

As you can clearly see, a hybrid car is much more fuel efficient than conventional cars. You may now ask how it works and how hybrid cars are able to achieve fuel efficiency than conventional cars.

First of all, hybrid cars are what you can describe as a cross between a conventional gasoline-powered car and an electric-powered car. It uses both energy sources to run the car and has two engines. One is the gasoline engine and the other is the electricity engine.

It’s really a good idea to probe a little deeper into the subject of a”hybrid car”. What you learn may give you the confidence you need to venture into new areas.

Hybrid cars operate on fuel when it is running and it runs on electricity when it is idle.

For example, imagine starting up your car in your garage and you forgot something inside your home. Because the car is running idle it will automatically switch off the gasoline engine and activate the electric engine to run your car. After 30 minutes of looking, you finally found that important thing you forgot. During those 30 minutes, you will save gasoline because your car is running on electricity. It will switch back to the gasoline engine once you stepped on the accelerator pedal.

There are two main kinds of hybrid cars existing today. One is the parallel hybrid car and the other is the series hybrid car. In parallel hybrid cars, both the electric motor and batteries, and the gasoline engine are connected to the transmission. This means that both motors will be able to run the car independently and can provide propulsion power.

In the series hybrid car, the gasoline is not connected to the transmission. It is only connected to the generator to charge the battery or to power the electric motor to provide propulsion.

The batteries in hybrid cars are the energy storage device for the electric motors. In hybrid cars, the electric motor is able to draw power from the batteries as well as put energy into them. This means that when the electric motor is running, it can continually recharge the batteries inside the hybrid car.

Today, a hybrid car’s batteries are able to recover power when the brakes are applied. It can also recharge energy generated by the motor.

With all of these benefits, hybrid cars are the cars of the future.

It can efficiently save fuel, it can run quietly, it has low toxic fume emissions, and it can also save you a lot of money from huge tax breaks for hybrid car buyers.

There’s no doubt that the topic of “hybrid car” can be fascinating. If you still have unanswered questions about “hybrid car”, you may find what you’re looking for in the next article.

Buying hybrid cars can be a little bit more complicated than what you might think. The complication though, is not on the “buying hybrid car” part, but how to go about the myriad of hybrid cars to choose from. But just like in any other activities, there are some basics needed to be understood. It is understood though that on this note, we have a basic understanding regarding the nature of hybrid cars, or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). HEV has two energy sources for its engines: electric and combustion. On ordinary situation, like careening down the highway, this car generally runs on one or the other of the source, until the driver needs more power such as faster acceleration. When this happened, the two engines will operate in unison. HEV cars are low emission, fuel efficient, some of the characteristics worth considering when people are considering buying hybrid cars. In addition, hybrid cars recharge their batteries while being drive. This removes the necessity of plugging the car for electricity. This is unlike pure electric cars, which needed to be plugged in wall sockets, like an ordinary appliance unit. There are also other considerations before the actual buying is considered. 1. Prospective buyers should have some level of understanding with terms or lingo related in buying hybrid cars. According to the California Air Resources Board, Ultra Low-Emission Vehicle is a car with 50 percent cleaner emission, compared with a new 2001 model car. A Super Ultra Low-Emission Vehicle emits 90 % cleaner than average new 2002 model car. There are zero-emission cars however, are purely electric vehicles, not hybrid cars. But pure electric cars are, at this moment, impractical to produce. 2. Before buying hybrid cars, consumers should also consider their work areas, and home location. Hybrid cars are for urban or suburban area. Short distance trips are superb for fuel savings, when hybrid cars are using electric engines at low RPMs. According to experts, driving on a highway or interstate travel won’t see much of the expected fuel reduction. 3. The other consideration for consumer before finally buying hybrid cars is the cost. Hybrid cars, are admittedly, priced higher than gas-powered counterparts. This is due because of the low production numbers, and the considerably complex mechanical process. But these concerns are readily compensated in the long run, by fuel saving. Buying hybrid cars at present is encouraged by the Federal State, due to the long term benefits of limiting fuel usage. There several tax deduction for new buyers of hybrid cars. Several cities are offering free parking as an additional incentive for low-emissions vehicles. The historical road traveled by hybrid cars There are also other beliefs behind these types of vehicles, which make buying hybrid cars for some a serious consideration. One is the idea that hybrid car is a new phenomenon. In the earl 1900’s, American car manufacturers are producing electric, steam, and gasoline cars in equal numbers. By then, buying hybrid vehicle is as normal as buying ordinary car. Eventually, some engineers figured out that a vehicle with multiple sources of power is possible. In 1905, a certain American engineer named H. Piper filed for the first patent for a vehicle, with engines for gas and electric. A decade after electric self-starter made gasoline-run cars more feasible. Hybrids and other alternative were almost wiped from the market. The following years from this period was characterized cheap oil, made possible by the almost inexhaustible oil fields of the Arab world. This discouraged auto engineers to continue developing alternative cars. The oil price hikes of 1970s, coupled with growing awareness of environmental concerns, driven engineers back to their drawing boards for new designs. Extensive and experimentation 1980s produced the hybrids in the U.S. in 2000. The earlier experience of the market on mass-produced hybrid vehicles has given engineers the encouragement to come up with complex systems, making multiple sources of power in a car possible. In an interview by the Associated Press, Mr. Jim Press, president of Toyota Motor Sales USA, said: “I think everything will be a hybrid, eventually. It will either be a gas hybrid, a diesel hybrid, or a fuel-cell hybrid.” From here, it is safe to declare that people buying hybrid cars, are people buying the future vehicles.

My name is Scott Waring and I am an American teacher in Taiwan with a BA in Elementary Education and a MS in Counseling Education. I have learned a lot about teaching, but it wasn’t until I met my Taiwanese wife at Idaho State University and we moved to Taiwan where we opened a school, that I learned teaching to children from three to six was not just possible, but beyond anything I ever expected. I have also published two novels for kids, “George’s Pond” and “West’s Time Machine” being sold at all on-line stores. My wife and I currently own a school that has 150 students, fifty of which are ages 3-6 years’ old. Psychology and Education magazines often site that in every person’s life, there is a time when the brain is more susceptible to learning, making learning easier and faster. The time that they are speaking of is between ages three and six years of age. A human will never learn as easily or as fast ever again past that age. This applies for everyone, and although I have not benefited from such early education myself, in six more months my son will, when he starts in our three year old class that teaches four solid hours of teaching a day, five days a week. In our school we have a motto; “Work Now, Play Later.” But really they play in-between the classes. In this way we teach the students so much by age seven that when they start Elementary school, they find that everything is easy, while other students who have never benefited from learning before elementary, end up struggling along through the class, working much harder and not getting as far as the students that benefited from early learning. Now let me show you some easy steps that we use in our classes when they are age three to six. 1. Don’t listen to other adults when they say students can only learn for ten to fifteen minutes! That’s wrong in so many ways, and yet right in one way. You should teach them a full 45-60 minutes without stop, but every 15 minutes you should change the style of your teaching and change what words, math games, or items that you want you child to learn. For example: 15 min teaching English Vocabulary, 15 minutes teaching numbers, 15 minutes teaching letters, 15 minutes teaching writing letters (harder and takes patience at age 3). 2. Be creative in your teaching! This means if you are teaching at home, then sit next to the toy box and begin teaching the child the name of each toy, but remember to repeat it, so that the child hears you say it two times. This is especially good at teaching words like (Bulldozer, Ambulance, Police car, fire engine, race car, motorcycle, animals, Colors (very fun), and much more. There is a world of learning within the toy box and those are things the child sees everyday and relates to a lot, so those words you teach will be very useful and constantly used. Keep this repetition up everyday until the child knows it in a few weeks, then move on to something more challenging, but don’t forget to review a little everyday of the old lessons! 3. Teach With Enthusiasm. Start with using your voice and then work up to cute mannerisms (acting). If you sound excited about teaching it, then the child will be excited to learn. The child is the reflection of the teacher, they reflect back what they see before them, so be cautious of what you say, you could be teaching things that you never intended or wanted too. It was Dr. Norman Peale that said “Enthusiasm sharpens a students mind and improves their problem solving abilities.” 4. Make Sure The Child Follows Along: Teaching reading without teaching sounding words out is possible and I’ve been teaching that way to students for over ten years. Age three to four will have to start leaning words written on flash cards, hand made is fine. Find an easy story book you like and take 50-100 words starting out. You don’t need a picture on the back, it wastes your time and doesn’t make them learn faster, but like earlier you have to hold the card up and repeat the word two times, but will all you repetition, the child must always repeat two times (you say “Them”, student says “Them”. You say “Them” again, students says “Them” again.). Use this repetition for all teaching starting out for first year or more. New words you may teach might be (this, that, those, to, a, an, apple, banana, run, Jack, Jane, grass, house, tree, kite, toys and so on). When teaching vocabulary, find a good picture dictionary for small kids, use it and use the repetition while you teach it, also have the child follow with one finger on the picture at all times. Don’t teach phonics for the first 6-12 months, this way they feel less scared of it and it comes much easier. 5. Make Sure They Speak: If you are teaching vocabulary words on cards, then hold one up (the word “Flowers”) and ask, “Okay, what color are the flowers?” or “Where are the flowers?” and see where the child goes with it, it reinforces the memory of the word flowers in their thoughts, but keep them focused on the task at hand, no wandering.6. Teach numbers, addition, and subtraction: This is the easiest thing of all to teach. Go to the crayon box and take it to use in this lesson. Sit down on the floor; (all my students learn best there) face the student and take ten crayons out of any color. Then hold them in your hand, placing three on the floor. Say, “Let’s count them! Ready? One…Two…Three!” sound excited and do it slowly! Then see if the student wants to try, if not, you do a different number. Keep doing math this way using crayons, toys, balls, candy (yum-yum) or other items, until it’s too easy and they want more. You can teach them up to 100, really it’s true! But only if you believe in them as a teacher and believe in yourself. Move off to putting five crayons down and counting them, then take two away and count them again. Let the student try. Also, if your child likes drawing, instead of items, use paper and draw the number 4, then make four circles (or apples and so on). Do this for all numbers and let the child use a finger to point at them one by one as the student counts them. Great for teaching addition and subtraction. 7. Make Teaching A Routine: Kids fall into a routine much easier than adults and so you need to use the same time every day to teach them. Here is our class schedule for teaching three to six year olds. 9-10:00 AM: English speaking10-10:30: Break and play 10:30-11:30: Math 11:30-12:30: Lunch and play 2:00-3:00: Writing/letters for 3 year olds, words for 4, but one page diaries for 6 year olds. 3:30-4:30: Reading/Vocabulary Making a routine is detrimental to learning! Without this key element, you will not succeed in teaching the student for long. If at home, you must discipline yourself to teaching at certain hour everyday. This allows you and your child to fall into a comfortable routine, without chaos. What have my students learned you ask? Well by the time they reach the age of 6-7 years old, they have been taking classes in my school for about 3 years. That means they have gained a vocabulary of over 3000+ English words (Remember they are Taiwanese so they start with not knowing any English at all), using a 1000 word picture dictionary series. Also they can add and subtract without using their fingers, but instead look at the board and answer quickly. They also start at six years old at learning writing and vocabulary in Chinese. By six, the students must write a one-page diary everyday, with beautiful writing (about 50-70 words). Also they are capable of reading at a second graders level and use phonics to sound out words that they don’t know.

I own a problem near my car’s electrics. Can you serve? I am trying to sell my car but have a problem that desires sorting before I do.When the windscreen wipers are on and move to the top of their action (i.e. pointing skywards) the engine cuts out for a fraction of…R/C Car….Electric or Nitro? Okay, So I’ve been out of the hobby for about 3 years now….I’m looking to grasp back into it. I used to have a Traxxas Rustler w/ many Hop-Ups….It be pretty quick and I was going to go brushless right since…An electric vehicle have four battery whose total volume is expressed as v=8wh+5wh+4w^2h. Factor the right side? An electric car has four batteries whose total volume is expressed as v=8wh+5wh+4w^2h. Factor the right side of this formula v = 8wh + 5wh + 4w^2hThis is kinda a impossible volume formula that the problem gives you (it…Watch ‘Who Killed the Electric Car” on YouTube (9 parts). It’s an eye introduction.? I was very surprised when I watched this. 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We have to give a 15 minute…what wud it rob to turn a 08 acura tl into a hybrid electric coupé..or a 08 civic coupe(if they dont alredy hav it would take a great effort and engineering and money to convert a car into a hybrid electric. also consider you would probably own to have the car re-certified (inspected) and then you would own to deal with the insurance companies…Who kill the electric vehicle? The Goverment made auto companys design & BUILD theses cars but when they worked too well the Goverment, Major Auto Manufacturers and Oil Companys killed the production and covering the technology from the public.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car? The electric car is alive and…What kill the EV1 and other electric cars? Was it the car companies? oil companies? the government? or the consumer?I believe that it be the consumer because with enough people we the consumer can money anything. Agree? Politics, pure politics, killed the electric car.All 4…How do you interweave an electric saloon glass up? The electric window to one side of the car has gone comatose. It is now stuck in the down position but the other window side works fine though.I checked both fuse locations inside the motor and hood but none of…Isn’t it time presently for the Electric Car ? If I were president today, a lot of things would not be happening that are cause Americans so much grief today.One is the allowing of oil subsidies and record petroleum profits while Americans head toward $4.00 per gallon at the pump.One…Is it possible to procure an adaptor to run conventional uk electric products (3 pronged plug) stale a vehicle lighter? Try the maplins web site or store, staff are really helpful and they have gadget for everythingFound this item for you 2nd link should take you too it and here is the info on itMP75 12Vdc Inverter Information:Converts 12Vdc to 240Vac…Why don’t we lately own electric cars already? Ok we have the technology, just that Business Tycoons would loose their “money” so, why doesn’t the Government Enforce electric cars and recycle all the cars we enjoy now?I really would not mind not seeing a society with just adjectives electric…Do you presume I’ll do resourcefully selling electric cars contained by the South? This question can be answered by anyone but I will be paying closer attention to what southerners have to say. I live within a nice size city in Alabama and I’m interested in selling EVs. I have the bread…my coupé will start but no electrics? I insalled my original battery after it being used by a freind, presently the car will start and move, the headlights and horn work fine, but NO other electrocs will work, no idicators or electric windows, these all works similar to…Are in attendance any modern 100% electric cars near 4-5 seating?…what’s the price? I need something that is already on the market…100% electric.I also have need of to know the price…$$$ With between 4-5 seats.i would love a website too if available there ARE no 100% electric cars on the market. and nearby…do electric cars use alternators? how do electric cars work?Do they use an alternator?Thanks for your help If you think of the electric motor being an alternator when providing regenerative braking, ie when slowing down the motor operate in “reverse”, putting energy back into…what IS a hydrid or electric motor? what’s the difference between the 2? Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid. Most hybrid cars on the road right now are gasoline-electric hybrids. An electric…is it legitimate to drive an electric motor…? on the public roadways in Nevada, USA? like all states, nevada doesnt protection how you power the car as long as all state regulations are met.If i can solve the electric car’s problem would anyone jump for it? Thing is, I do have a possibility to go on for solving the electric cars problem of running low on power , but it involves a pwer source that hasn’r been invented on the other hand of which i’m working on…what are the best ways for an electric car/truck to power itself? alrite? ideas forward please.this is just to expand the mind. It is not good to hold a motor generator to charge the batteries. 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I heard Tom Hanks and others celebrities are endorsing Electric Cars…how do I do it….I abhorrence the idea of gas, hybrids, other crap the auto & oil industries try to peddle at me like a street hustler! BTW anyone else see…How in the order of powering electric cars next to nuclear battery? Nuclear batteries are safe, generate a large body of power for a long time, and never have to be recharged. And this technology could be available soon.Wouldn’t this be a great idea to power electric cars?http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-nuclear-batteries.htm I read about…Will you buy an Electric coupé…or any other alternative? I just read where the electric cars are coming back again. It appears the reach is getting better 400-650 miles between chargings. 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Are you going to be happy going simply…Are near any 4-5 form 100% electric cars contained by the USA? can you name some 100% ELECTRIC cars in the USA?i need something modern…not monstrous Look up anyone that does electric car conversions in your local areas. You can modify the Toyota Prius to run 100% off electricity but it voids… More Electric Car Questions Please visit : RunAsk.com

Amazingly, no matter what car the customer wants, it is always ‘hot property’, ‘very sought after’ and/or ‘hard to find’. Moreover, it isn’t a secret; we have all known it for years. Nevertheless, some of us still continue to be tricked into buying a motor vehicle we really don’t want to buy, and at a higher price than we expected. So let’s find out what some of the most favourite and sneaky tactics they get up to and put them in our diary so that we can refer to them when next buying a new car.

Almost every new car dealership will drop the initial price they have listed on a car for sale. However, what you must be wary of are the scams, pressure tactics, twists, and turns that motorcar salespeople have up their sleeves. It is in the showroom, when you are ready to finalise the deal, where you shall be worn down by these machinations, if you don’t have your wits about you. This is when a great online site like OzFreeOnline.com comes in really handy. You can register, log in, search thousands of cars and refine your search by using the vehicle ‘keyword search’.

Car dealers will never give you a direct or exact quote because if they do, they know you will go to another dealer and have them better the price. And to check on prices and search for motor vehicles online is a great way to save a lot of footwork. I recently found two sites, which had thousands of Australian cars for sale. At carsguide.com.au, you will find new and used cars for sale as well as dealer specials.

If you do leave the dealership and tell the dealer you will ‘look around for other prices’, the dealer will most likely ask you to come back once the ‘best price’ has been obtained. Don’t be fooled by this because the dealer will then either match the price, or try to increase it slightly by taking advantage of the fact that you have had enough of shopping and are now really eager to buy the car. Smart and very familiar, this trick works very well for most dealers. It relies mainly on getting you, the customer to feel obliged to buy, because you have put the dealer to ‘so much trouble’.

A smart salesperson will urge you to commit to buying the car you really want, even before you get the final price. This is irksome and exasperating for customers, but reasonable from a dealer’s point of view. Now your car dealer has two choices: To give you a quote and watch you walk out the door, or entice you to negotiate. Perhaps you may be lucky when negotiating with the dealer; however, you may never know whether you have paid too much. If you feel uncomfortable about a car dealer, then go online at consumer.vic.gov.au where you can check that this trader of motor cars in Victoria is licensed and has Licensed Motor Car Traders (LMCT) number.

Most auto classifieds online give a price, which you can work with, but a regular trick, which is frustrating and time consuming for customers is this. A dealership will identify one or two cars of a particular model. These will be the ‘undesirable’ cars. The problems are common and may be simple. For instance, ‘the manufacture date is very old’, ‘the car has been in the showroom for a very long time’, perhaps they are ‘the least popular colour’ and of course ‘with no options’.

Next, the dealer will run a large advertising campaign based on these two cars, with the price ridiculously below cost. When the advertisement runs, the dealer waits for customers to flood through the doors. Of course, when they do arrive to get the best deal, they are usually told that the cars have been sold and are now waiting to be ‘delivered’ to the clients. Consequently, you will be invited to browse the showroom or customers are ‘switched’ to another car.

If you still insist on looking at the vehicle, if it is still on the floor, the salesperson just points out why this particular car is undesirable, and then persuades the customer to look at a better car, of course you will expect to pay more. To make sure you do not pay too much, log in to OzFreeOnline.com a site where you just register, log in, and search the thousands of vehicles available Australia wide. Not only can you search for a motor vehicle with a simple keyword search, but also when you are ready to sell a car you can use the free classifieds to do so.

The most widespread trick currently being used is to make the customer believe that the salesperson can get the lowest price for the car, so that you (the customer) will start negotiations with the dealer almost immediately. The specific methods vary, but here are some common ways of doing it:

The salesperson will tell you. ’You could probably get the car for less than $36,250…’, but will avoid giving a specific price. Instead, the salesperson will say, ‘When you are ready to buy, we can strike a deal, are you ready to buy now?’

The salesperson tells the customer: ‘If you’re going to spend more than $36,250 on the car, you should come back and see me’. When the customer returns and asks to buy the car for $36,250, the salesperson will point out that he/she never promised to sell you the car for $36,250, but is ready to give you the best price when you are ready to buy. ‘Do you want me to get a good price for you? …so are you ready to buy now?’. We all know that buying a new or used car can be a daunting process however; at discountnewcars.com.au, you will find the latest car specials from reliable dealers.

Your salesperson may give the price for an older model car. Either the ‘old’ car is a previous model, or perhaps it has been gathering dust because no one has wanted to buy it (usually for good reason) and the dealer wants to get rid of it quickly to make room for newer models. This is likely to happen if you don’t think carefully and specifically ask for the price for a current model car that is not older than 3 months. Be wise and search OzFreeOnline.com, where they have thousands of cars in their cars classifieds pages. By simply registering and submitting a keyword search, you will find the car you want in no time.

The other ploy is when the salesperson takes your credit card along with an insufficiently low offer to ‘the boss’ for approval, but then returns to say it was not accepted. This is intended to drag the customer into more negotiations. i.e. ‘…we only need to increase it slightly and she’s yours…”

Don’t get caught by being given the price for the car excluding the on-road costs. If you don’t specifically ask for on-road costs to be included, the sales person will most likely give you the excluding on-road costs price. Of course, you have to be guarded because your contract may be drawn up on this proviso. Trouble is that when you are ready to sign, the ‘quoted’ price of the car, will then be understated by many thousands of dollars.

If you are a bit slow and think your car is worth more than it really is, you just might get a clever salesperson that will give in, and agree to an excessive price for your trade in. Now you might be pleased by this, because you may be thinking that you are ‘putting one over’ the dealer. No so, generally the sales person will look up on the computer or in the Car Dealers Price Guide to find out the going price for your trade in and will start from there. In addition, believe me; you will pay for it in the end. How you ask? Well when the dealer charges TOO much for your new car. You can check on the internet for a price as well, so go to gumtree.com.au, so you are armed with the real price, when you go to trade your motor vehicle.

From time to time, a ruthless sales person will have a go at this. He/she will contact you before your new car is delivered. When the niceties are over you will be told that there is an issue with the trade in. You will be asked to bring the car into the workshop for further inspection. When your vehicle has been in the garage, for 60 minutes, (having nothing done to it), the salesperson will tell you that the mechanic claims to have found it is really only worth $500 less than what they have offered for it. Watch for this old ruse, because if you fall for it, the sales person gets another $500 in his pocket. To make sure this does not happen to you go to OzFreeOnline.com and check out the great car deals in their Car classifieds. You will find thousands of cars to choose from and be equipped with all the information you need when you arrive to look at the car you want to buy.

Now if you don’t want to be pursued by a dealer just don’t give a phone number. Say ‘it’s a silent number’, ‘…don’t have a mobile’, ‘can’t leave a work number’, or at the test drive ‘accidentally’ give the wrong phone number. If you don’t, dealers will sometimes pursue a potential customer until they wear them down to buy.

Even after continual phoning, and when you end up buying from a different dealer, the sales person (who has missed out on the deal) will then give you the bad news. When you tell them you bought elsewhere (at a very good price of $34,550) they will say, ‘Oh no, you shouldn’t have paid any more than $32,000 for it!’ This is designed to make you feel as bad as the salesperson, who lost out too. It also highlights just how spiteful some people can be.

No matter when, where or which dealership you may stroll into, there is always a reason to feel ‘lucky’, according to the keen sales person. Early in the month, they might say they missed their target last month and are desperate to make it up. During the middle of the month, ‘the boss has told me to push out more cars or I’ll never reach my target this month either’. The most common, is probably the most used because most people fall for it. This is the end of the month trick.

The time of month may matter to some dealers sometimes, though; it never matters to a car broker. Beware of this because you may end up paying more than you expected. Go online to consumer.vic.gov.au and find out the information you need before rushing headlong into the ‘big end of financial year deal’. This trick deserves serious consideration. It is the most elaborate trick of this type. Manufacturers know that companies often buy around this time of year for accounting purposes. They therefore rarely offer any factory discounts, and they sometimes increase their retail prices to take advantage.

To find a great deal on a car why not log on to OzFreeOnline.com. It’s Australia’s largest free classifieds site. You will find auto classifieds, motorcycle classifieds, and Australian cars for sale all over the country.

You might think that the car dealer trusts you implicitly with the new car and by letting you take the car home overnight or to work for a day, the sales person is trying to get you to ‘fall in love with the car’. Not very underhanded, perhaps, but considering the dealer will initiate this in some cases by asking for a trade-in assessment, you need to recognise that it’s definitely a trick. A trade in assessment should take no more than about 10 minutes. A half hour at most.

A dealer may tell you they have reached the ‘limit’ as to what he can do with the price, but he can give you a ‘special deal’ on cheap finance. He will tell you ‘the normal rate is a%’ and then say, ‘…but you can have it for b%’ (slightly less). Unless you are aware of current interest rates, you can easily pay too high a rate. Therefore, if you go online and check any of the large finance companies like melbournecarfinance.com.au or banks they will be able to give you all the information, before you are conned by a crafty salesperson. Then compare with the dealers price and your bank. You will find a good rate of interest if you do some initial research.

A small increase in the repayments quotes will equal a large increase in the total amount you will pay for your new car. Dealers use this to great advantage in order to divert focus from the total price paid. The only way to find your new car is online, in the comfort of your own home. Classified ads are the best way to research, and at OzFreeOnline.com, you will find all the information you need to buy your new car. There are articles and car reviews and thousands of car ads to search through situated Australia-wide.

If you are not vigilant, your dealer may offer you less than market value for your trade in. The idea here is to conceal the profit from the customer by lowering the allowance for the trade in. If it succeeds, and it usually does, the dealer can offer you an unrealistically low price for the new car.

An extremely common trick is ‘limited time’. If the dealer does give a price, (a most unusual and dicey thing for the dealer to do) he will try to make you believe that it is only valid right now, while you are standing in the showroom. This is an obvious ploy to force you to make up your mind on the spot. The amazing thing about this con is the number of people that fall for it. What you need to think about when buying a new or used car is that going online to find the make, model and all the information about the vehicle first is the smart way to buy a car. If you go online to cartorque.com.au you can check out what is for sale and also do some research on the particular vehicle you want to buy.

There are various methods of stalling a client. You may ask why? The purpose of the stalling trick is to exhaust you. While you are sitting in the office with the ‘free cup of coffee in a styrene mug’ trying to decide whether or not the salesperson has offered you a good deal, it reduces the time available for to you to shop around for a better price. Remember these salespeople don’t have anything else to do but convince you to buy this car here and now. Moreover, they know exactly how to do this with the help of the other salespeople and mechanics.

Some common stalling tricks are: They might misplace the keys to the trade in or perhaps another client’s car has blocked yours (‘you’ll have to wait for the return of the client’). Perhaps they will take excessive time to assess the trade-in. There is always a valuer on site at a dealership, and a valuation takes no more than 10 to 15 minutes. Don’t put up with silly scams like this. OzFreeOnline.com is a site that will assist you in finding the motor car you want. This is a fascinating site, because they have interesting articles, car reviews and even a forum where you can join in to talk about cars with likeminded people.

Now let us look at a classic trick designed to make the customer think the car is really exceptional. I am sure you have heard this. ‘My wife/husband drives one’. Yes, the car salesperson has bought the same model for his own spouse. If it happens that he or she really does drive this particular model, then it is most probably because the salesperson gets it as part of his/her salary package because they work for the car dealership.

A good sales person will search hard to find common interests with the customer so he or she can ‘make friends’. The purpose of this is to make you identify with the sales person. This, in turn, should make you feel sympathetic to the salesperson and leads to the customer feeling bad if he/she lets down the dealer by not buying from them. What you have to remember is that you may never set eyes on this person again. All you are doing is buying a car. Just as you, buy a pair of shoes. You don’t need a ‘new’ friend.

Offering ‘extras’ such as carpet mats, window tinting, car seat covers and other items serves two purposes: It draws a line that makes the customer believe that the dollar amount is not further negotiable. If, for example, the bottom line on the car is $32,000, the dealer may stop at $36,000 and start adding ‘extras’. The extras may only add up to $500 by the time the dealer has managed to convince you that negotiations are finished. It slows down negotiations, and diverts focus from the dollar amount. Go online to autoline.com.au and search through their online listings. Find the price of car you want without the hassles.

Caution. If you have been referred by a friend, and you tell the sales person the ‘good news’, this instantly means that the customer is more likely to trust the sales person. Trust is money. The more trust given, the more the customer will pay for the car. Keep the information to yourself, or you will end up being scammed. OzFreeOnline.com is a site that will assist you in finding the motor car you want. I am fascinated by this site because they have interesting articles, car reviews and even a forum where you can join in to talk about cars with likeminded people.

You have probably heard the expression, ‘the Woody’, akas Wood Duck; you may have even used it. Don’t become one. This is a person who walks in to the showroom, puts total trust in the sales person, and sincerely believes the sales person is actually helping to get the best deal for them. It is a salespersons’ dream because he or she knows the full retail price will be paid.

We have all heard it at some time or another when we have been searching for a new car, ‘Subject to loan approval’. Many car loans will have this phrase in it, and believe me; some dealerships will try to exploit you out of more money by using this phrase as the reason why. This fraud is usually pulled on consumers that may have bad credit, so if your credit rating is good, you shouldn’t have to worry about being taken advantage of by the dealership.

The bad news is that for those people who are taken advantage of, it usually means upwards of $1,000 more in finance fees and an additional $50 a month added to your car payment. To avoid this scam, finance your new or used car through your own bank or credit union.

The most abused fraud is the ‘credit rating’ scam. The car dealership tells you that your credit score is lower than what it actually is. This is in order to charge you a higher finance rate on your car loan. It is pure greed and the best way to deal with this is to bring a copy of your credit rating from baycorp.com.au with you when you go looking to buy a new car. That way there is no confusion about your credit rating. Unfortunately, no one is protected from this scam, because the dealership doesn’t care if you have good or bad credit when they try to con you.

Another favourite trick is the forced ‘warranty’ scam where the auto dealership will insist that in order to qualify for the car loan you will need to purchase a two or three year warranty. Don’t fall for this; you do not need the warranty. While you are tearing your hair out looking for your dream car I suggest that you register with OzFreeOnline.com and browse through the thousands of ads they have online in their free car classifieds. You will find private listings, dealers’ listings and used their keyword or quick search to find exactly what you are looking for.

Can you remember that extra $fee that seems to appear on your contract to compensate the dealer for basically doing nothing? It is a good swindle that I am sure you have seen or heard of often. It’s called the ‘dealer prep’ scam. Yes, it is the extra $500 or more that is added to the contract when the car arrives in the dealership ready to be driven off the car lot to, or by a prospective buyer.

Try to avoid paying this unreasonable fee if you can. Try to find out whether the car dealership you are buying from has this fee. If they do, tell them you will not be buying the car if you are forced to pay it. If they will not knock off the fee off then find a dealer that will strike this ridiculous charge off the contract. While I write these articles, I am always searching the web to find the best sites to visit to do extra research. I found autoweb.com.au and found it interesting to browse. OzFreeOnline.com is a great site to search because of the news, reviews, thousands of new and used car listings, the ease by which you can browse the site and free registration.

The dealer ‘mark-up’ fee is another phoney fee that is made up just to pad the car dealership’s profit margin. Once again, the dealer charges this unnecessary fee for no reason other than greed. On your new motor vehicle, this fee can be seen on the sticker marked on the manufacturer’s suggested retail price (MSRP). These are just a few of the many scams and tricks that surface from time to time particularly when you are trying to buy a new car.

We know that these practices go on, just as we also know that there are many trustworthy car dealerships. What you must be aware of is that you must find the right dealer who can and will sell you a car, without trying to rip you off in the process. A good and trustworthy dealership can make the compensation they deserve for their efforts. All you have to do is find that dealership. When you do write in, we would all like to know.

The first thing that you should notice about the tutorial is whether it has a clear objective. What exactly is the tutorial trying to teach you? If the objective is hard to grasp, I can assure you it’s not going to be a tutorial that you like. Without a specific goal, it’s hard to imagine how the tutorial actually manifests itself.

Also, a good tutorial should only have one specific goal at any one time so as not to confuse or overwhelm the reader.

If it does have a specific goal, the next thing you should be looking out for is whether the problems or challenges are properly defined. How much does the author understand you? The more the author understands you, the better he or she will be able to define the problem.

Only when the problem is clearly defined can we arrive at the right solutions. The defined problems should be in support of the goal. These are roadblocks that need to be overcome. I constantly remind the readers of my Home Study Course of the roadblocks that they’ll come across before presenting any solutions.

Sometimes, you may not even be aware of these problems. Here’s an example. Do you know that there’s a method to capture the proportions of any drawing exactly the way you want it? If you’re not aware of it, you won’t be seeking to overcome this roadblock.

So a good tutorial with clearly defined problems can really help you out. By the way, the key to nailing proportions is to follow a fixed system. But it’s beyond the scope of this article to expand on this.

Coming back to the essence of this article, the final thing that you need to note is that good pencil drawing tutorials should have solutions that are presented in a conversational style.

The conversational style is the most effective communication style. It makes the tutorial easy to read and understand.

So there you have it. Looking for these three elements the next time you’re searching for good pencil drawing tutorials.

Most individuals in NJ Municipal Court elect not to engage counsel, often to their own peril.  Plainly speaking, an unrepresented defendant doesn’t know what he’s getting into.   They think it will be easy to figure out, after all, it’s just a traffic ticket…but they often end up walking around aimlessly, spending hours in Court and without the slightest notion on how to address their matter.  In contrast, an attorney knows the viable defenses, knows rules of the game, knows who to talk to, where to go, where to stand, what to say and often the players involved (the Prosecutor, Officer and Judge).  This tutorial is designed to help those befuddled defendants tread the murky waters of appearing in NJ Municipal Court without Counsel.  Remember, I’m not suggesting you should go without counsel, quite the contrary.  But if you do, you will find some if not all of the following material helpful.  The question and answer format is straight forward and easy to read, taking the defendant from the point where he is issued the ticket to the ultimate disposition of his matter, paying the fines at the window (thats right, you may well plead or be found guilty of something).

My ticket has a Date to Appear listed.  Do I just show up on that date?

At every Court session in every Municipal Court there are a handful of people who find themselves in a frustrating predicament that requires them to make an unnecessary extra Court appearance.   If you look at your traffic summons you will see toward the bottom the words “Notice to Appear” with a Court date written just underneath.  Understandably many look at that language, see the Court date and conclude that they should appear on that date and time.  Not so fast.  To the left of the Court date is a box that is either checked or not checked “Court Appearance Required.” If it is checked then yes, you should appear for Court whether you want to or not.  However, if it is not checked, one of two things has happened.  Either A) the officer neglected to check Court Appearance Required, or more likely B) you don’t have to appear.  A clue to what is going on is on the back of your ticket.  Turn the ticket over and two thirds of the way down in red writing it states:

“If you wish to plead not guilty, you must notify the court at the address and telephone number as  shown below at least 7 days prior to the Court date listed on the front of this ticket.  If you fail to notify the Court, it may be necessary for you to make additional Court appearances.”

What does that mean?  It means that if you had a payable ticket that is not checked “Court Appearance Required” and showed up for Court without calling first, you have wasted a trip.  Court is aggravating enough without having to be told you have to come back another time.  The “Date to Appear” is not the date to appear if that box isn’t checked. In actuality, it is the date by which you should pay your ticket  if you plan to pay the fine.  If you want to go to Court and work out a deal with the Prosecutor, make sure you call the Court ahead of time.  (7 days, by the way, is a guideline more than any hard and fast rule).  That way the Court will schedule the matter when the officer is available.  Invariably  5 or 6 people show up at Court having read what looks like the plain language on the ticket and they are turned away and told they will be receiving a new Court date in the mail.

My notice for Court says that I should appear at 9:00 am.  Should I get there early so I can get the jump on everyone else?

It’s probably not necessary.  Municipal Court is very much described by the familiar adage “hurry up and wait.”  Your notice indicates a specific start time but the Court will hardly ever start at the start time. Some Courts deviate from this general practice but most often the Judge will not take the bench for up to an hour after Court officially starts. You should get to Court by the start time but getting to Court half an hour early provides no distinct advantage.

I have to wait an hour for the Judge to take the bench?  Why?

You might think the Judge, being learned, is reading law books and brushing up on his Judge skills but what he is usually doing is simply waiting for the Prosecutor to get his act together.  Usually, the Court session is largely run by the Prosecutor who works out all of the matters he can  to present to the Judge.  He sets up the pins and the Judge knocks them down.  If the Judge were to come out earlier, he would say his opening remarks (discussed later) and then have no cases to move.  He would sit there scratching his head until the Prosecutor put something in front of him.  So, believe it or not, for expediency, it doesn’t make a lot of sense for the Judge to take the bench right away.

I’m scheduled for Court in the morning and I’m suppose to be at work that day.  How long is this all going to take?

Longer than you expect.  There are times in your life where you feel like a number, and this is one of those times. You may be surprised to find that you and up to a hundred or more other people are scheduled for Court at the same time.  If your notice says to be there on Tuesday at 9:00 am, so does everybody else’s notice.   So when is Court over?  To borrow a line from Yogi Berra, “Court ain’t over till its over.”   Someone will be first, someone will be last and there may be three, four or even five hours in between.  You might want to tell the office/workplace you will need the day off.

(Note: if you like to wait in lines, Municipal Court is the place for you.  There is the line where you check in, the line for the Prosecutor and the line to pay your fines.  Sometimes you’re in a line which is waiting to get in yet another line. Be prepared.)

Do I need to check in?

Many Courts have a check-in procedure which means that you have to find the window where the Court Clerk, or nowadays, Court Administrator’s office is, and advise you have appeared.  Sometimes the way this works is you reach the person at the window and they tell you that there really is no check in procedure, or that you will be checked-in inside the Courtroom.  If that is the case, you should enter the Courtroom and find a seat and wait until your name is called.  The reason for this check-in procedure is that, surprisingly, many people don’t appear for Court.  The Court wants to set aside the matters for people who have appeared and will deal with those who don’t appear later.

What if I choose not to appear?

Not a good idea.  If you are scheduled for Court and fail to appear or if the Court date on your ticket has passed without you contacting the Court Office, a warrant for your arrest can issue.

What happens when the Judge takes the Bench?

At some point the Judge finally emerges from some back room whereupon he will offer his Opening Remarks.  You are asked to “rise” and it is announced that  Court is in session.  The Judge graciously allows you to sit back down and, in general, will advise you of the following:

“You have certain rights in Court, i.e. the right to be read the charges, the right to a trial,  the right to an attorney, the right to a reasonable postponement, the right to remain silent.  You have the right to call witnesses and to cross-examine the Prosecution’s witnesses.   The Prosecutor, as in any criminal proceeding, has to prove your guilt “beyond a reasonable doubt.”  If you don’t like the Court’s finding or the penalty imposed, you have 20 days to appeal….

(An appeal, by the way, is not a do-over.  The case isn’t heard all over again in a higher Court. The hearing you have in Municipal Court is all you get and an appeal is a review of that Municipal Court proceeding.)

…All of the proceedings in Court are being taped for the purpose of appeals so there shouldn’t be any talking.”

(This no talking stuff doesn’t sound like it should be a big deal but it is.  Most Court’s get very uppity about silence in the Courtroom.  Cell phones are a particular “no-no” and should yours  go off, you can get in more trouble than you would for the traffic charge you are facing.  No kidding.)

The Judge will offer some further instructions but the above is pretty much the gist of it. These opening remarks are very important to take note of and they are made for the record in the event a defendant later claims he was never told about this right or that right.

What do I say when the Judge calls my name?

Somewhere during this process either the Court Administrator or the Judge may  “call the list.” This is where the list of names on the calendar is called, usually in alphabetical order, and you are asked to respond.  This can be one of those nervous moments where you aren’t sure what to say, some people even start blurting out their defense,  but you should merely state something like “Not Guilty Your Honor.  I’d like an opportunity to discuss my case with the Prosecutor.” The Judge will be very impressed and then move on to the next name on the list.   The fact is that you are not pleading guilty yet as you are still facing the charge as written.  You will likely be pleading guilty later if and when the Prosecutor amends the charges to something else.

I don’t want to plea bargain, I want to have a trial.  It’s the officer’s word against mine.  I’m sure when the Judge hears my side of the story he will understand and I’ll win.

You are innocent until proven guilty, this is true.  Still, it ordinarily doesn’t take much of an effort for an experienced Prosecutor  to make that leap from your innocence to your guilt.  If you think that your subjective belief that you didn’t do anything wrong is going to sway the Judge you are probably mistaken.  Many people think that if the Judge simply “hears my story” he will toss out their case.  The Judge, however, wasn’t there at the scene to see that you did nothing wrong.  He has to rely on the testimony that is presented to him.   Most often in any traffic ticket trial there are two witnesses, the defendant and the officer.   Certainly “beyond a reasonable doubt” sounds like a very lofty pursuit for a Prosecutor.  You will wonder if it is only your word against the officer’s, how are you going to be found guilty “beyond a reasonable doubt”?  Why should the officer be believed and you be disbelieved?   Couldn’t the officer be mistaken?  Doesn’t the officer have some stake in the outcome of the case?  What makes his testimony any more credible than yours?

These are all legitimate inquiries.  Unfortunately, they won’t usually carry the day. Practically speaking, if cases were dismissed in Municipal Court for these reasons, very few people would ever be convicted. Conceivably, in every case where it is the officer versus the defendant (which is nearly every case), the Court could say to itself, “Hmmm, maybe the police officer is lying or mistaken” and throw the ticket out.  Ponder that notion for a minute.   If that were true, nearly every single case could be dismissed on these grounds. Such a logical extreme could never be tolerated. Our system of justice, as it were, would be turned on its head.   Instead, the Courts use reasoning that is probably correct 99% of the time. The officer has no axe to grind.  He is trained and experienced and would have no compulsion to single out an innocent driver like you over the numerous guilty drivers out on the road he could have pulled over instead.  He has nothing to gain by bringing the case against you.   Conversely, you have everything to lose.  You have no training, your speedometer hasn’t been calibrated and any witness you might have brought is related to you or is your friend and would obviously be biased in your favor.  This is the reasoning that results in a finding of guilt in the great majority of contested Municipal Court matters.   No, its not a perfect system but, practically speaking, it is better than the alternative of permitting nearly everyone to beat their tickets for what are likely illegitimate grounds.

I want to plea guilty but I want to plea guilty with an explanation.  There was a good reason I violated the statute.  Does that make any difference?

Unless your “good reason” is a legal defense it won’t affect the outcome.  Feel free to plea guilty with an explanation but we’re talking semantics.  Guilty is guilty with or without your explanation. The judge may consider your explanation with respect to sentencing as a mitigating factor but he won’t throw the ticket out if that is your expectation.

The officer misspelled my name and/or  he got a number wrong on my license plate.  Will the ticket be thrown out?

Doubtful.  Short of failing to sign the ticket, there is virtually nothing the officer can do wrong on the ticket that will invalidate it.  While this tactic seems to work in other States (notably New York), New Jersey does not get overly concerned that a number or letter is off on your summons.  If there is enough on the summons to advise a reasonable person where and what they did wrong, that will usually be enough.  The Court on its own motion or the Prosecutor may simply amend the ticket to reflect the correct spelling or number.

A friend of mine told me that if the officer doesn’t show up in Court, the ticket dismissed.  Is this correct?

Generally, no.  This is another misconception because theoretically it should be true.  In theory, if you appear and the Prosecution’s witness (the officer) doesn’t, there is no case to present and the case fails due to “Lack of Prosecution.” The problem is that the Court will not generally go so far as to throw out a case if this happens just once.  You can ask the Judge to dismiss the matter and then the Prosecutor, who is aligned with the officer, will stand and offer just about any excuse as to why the officer did not appear.  He may not even offer an excuse but he will do handstands if necessary to get an adjournment to ensure that the officer’s appearance the next time.  In New Jersey, unlike some other jurisdictions, an officer can be reprimanded if his case is dismissed due to lack of prosecution so, as stated, the Prosecutor goes to great lengths not to let that happen.  The Judge is also aware of the officer’s predicament so he may also have this in the back of his head.  It is possible that the case can be adjourned even more than once for these reasons and consequently, you are forced to return over and over.  By the time the officer does show up, he may be less than thrilled to meet you nor be very accommodating.  So, while in theory, the case can be dismissed due to Lack of Prosecution, it is a rarity.

I received a speeding ticket from a cop and while I may have been speeding, there is no way I was traveling as fast as he wrote me for.  He was a real jerk and when I asked to look at his radar unit to see the reading, he wouldn’t let me.   Is this justice?

It may not be justice but it is a fact of life.  The officer is not obligated to entertain your discussions or show you his radar reading.  He doesn’t have to prove to you that you were speeding, he has to prove it to the Court.  And, unfortunately, while it would sure be nice, there is no requirement that the officer be pleasant while issuing you a ticket.  Motorists who ask this questions are probably already  behind the eight ball.  It’s a good idea, even if you have to bite your tongue, to be cordial to the officer.  Even if he is confrontational, you should remain calm and polite. If you plan on contesting the ticket and saving points, the Prosecutor, who was not on the scene, may defer to the Officer’s judgment.  If you had some choice words for the officer or otherwise gave him a hard time, he will likely remember you and may not be as eager to help you as he otherwise might.

The officer who stopped me asked me if I knew why he was pulling me over.  I didn’t want to admit any wrongdoing but at the same time I wanted to be cooperative.  What should I have said?

This is a tough call.  If you answer “yes, because I was driving 99 miles a hour” then your admission could come back to haunt you at you in a trial.  Alternatively, if you say “Gee I have no idea, do I have a brake light out?” you run the risk of sounding less than  candid and ticking off the cop.  If the officer is considering letting you go, as is his prerogative,  he would likely prefer honesty on your part.  The answer lies somewhere in the middle.  Answer in terms of what you may have done.  In that manner you are not committed.  “I may have been speeding” is short, it offers  candor and it doesn’t outright prove your guilt.  Apologizing is effectively an admission of guilt so that should be avoided.   Instead, use an apologetic tone.

By the way, do not be embarrassed to hand the officer that FOP card you have or to advise that your Uncle John is the Chief of police in a neighboring town.  The officer will not be able to rip up your tickets if you bring these items to his attention after they’ve been written.

The officer stopped me for speeding but he was either A) coming from the opposite direction; B) measuring my speed from behind a tree, building, billboard, or other structure; C) in front of me; D) pacing me; or E) otherwise unable to get a good read on my speed.  Will this defense work?

A) no; B) no; C) no; D) no; and E) no.   I know that sounds negative.  If you don’t have an attorney and  often  even if you do, these defenses rarely get anywhere.   Police officers have been issuing speeding tickets for a long time, long before you and I ever received our drivers licenses.  All of these defenses have been litigated over and over.  Through the years of jurisprudence and case law these defenses have generally gotten no where and about the only defense to a speeding ticket that has a legitimate chances is if there is something  clearly wrong with the officers radar unit or if he doesn’t have the requisite training.  Unless you know how to read calibration tests and have some wherewithal when it comes to tuning forks, you will likely be shot down in your tracks.   Come to think of it, even with knowledge in these areas you are probably sunk.  There has even been case law concluding that the officer’s subjective opinion that a car was speeding can be enough to prove a defendant guilty of an offense.  Without belaboring the point, the gimmicks you may have come across online or the claims made by friends that the Prosecutor won’t be able to produce the proper “Discovery” (proofs) are 95% unfounded, at least as far as they would to apply to New Jersey.

I received a ticket for going 90+ mph in a 65 mph zone and the officer gave me an additional ticket for careless/reckless driving.  I don’t understand the need for the second ticket.  The judge can’t take my license just for speeding can he?

He can and he often will at these speeds.  A Municipal Court Judge does have the authority to suspend your driving privileges for a speeding summons and many do when your speed is excessive.  “Excessive” is in the eye of the beholder but 90 mph in a 65 zone is a red flag and 100 mph in a 65 is practically a done deal.  Depending on the circumstances and depending on your driving history, a Judge may suspend your driving privileges for 30, 60 or sometimes even 90 days or more.  This is often a real reality check for unsuspecting defendants, particularly the motorist who has a payable ticket of 90 mph in a 65 mph zone and pleads not guilty hoping to catch a break in Court.  Conceivably the motorist could have paid their ticket but by going to Court they get to meet the Judge, who may be less than accommodating, and then they have their licenses suspended.  By and large, tickets of 90+ are not payable and you have no choice but to appear.  There may be little you can do to avoid license suspension because many Judges simply draw the line at 90 mph or 100 mph and they do not budge from this position.  Often, speeding tickets going double the speed limit or more are also susceptible to license suspension.  Thus, 50+ in a 25 mph zone could be a real problem.  You really should have representation under all such circumstances because having an attorney may be the difference between saving or losing your license.  Whatever you do, when you go before the Judge and he inevitably asks you why you were driving so fast, do not attempt to offer any justification.  Claiming you were going downhill, or you were lost, or you were moving with the traffic will not be well received.  Unless you were bleeding to death or in a similar predicament, the best response is to say that you have no good excuse and it was a foolish course of action on your part.  It would also be a good idea to have signed up for a defensive driving course (offered by AAA) and have the confirmation of the upcoming course in your hand to show the Judge or Prosecutor.  The Court loves when a defendant has taken steps, on his/her own volition, to address what the Court will conclude is a problem he/she has.  It is somewhat analogous to the alcoholic defendant who, when they appear in Court, has begun taking AA courses to treat the underlying reason for the offense they are facing.

As for the extra ticket of careless driving (2 points) or reckless driving (5 points) these are often thrown in for good measure because, presumably, you were either careless or reckless when you drove at this excessive speed.  Usually, a Prosecutor will be willing to dismiss this additional ticket. (Important:  See the difference between Dismissing and Merging tickets later in this tutorial)

I’m charged with DWI, Driving While Suspended, Driving Without Insurance, Leaving the Scene of an Accident or Drug charges.  What do I do?

Please, please, pretty please hire an attorney. This tutorial is not designed to address these very serious charges or other similar offenses beyond common NJ moving violations.

I’ve heard about a “zero-point” ticket that costs  more money.  How does that work?

New Jersey has a statute, namely Unsafe Operation, NJSA 39:4-97.2, which carries zero points.  This statute was designed with plea bargaining in mind and has terrific catch-all language such that  nearly any moving violation (other than DWI) can be amended to it by a willing Prosecutor.  Until July of 2004, this was a wonderful way to resolve a moving violation in New Jersey.  Short of an outright dismissal, it was as good as it gets.  This is still largely true, but in July of 2004 the NJ legislature, looking for ways to raise revenue without raising taxes, noted that we attorneys were getting this result for our clients entirely too often.  They concluded that if they could collect money every time this statute comes to pass in a Municipal Court, the State could really cash in and address its deficit.  The result?  A hefty $250.00 one time surcharge assessed by the Court.  This charge is on top of your normal fines and costs. Whereas before July 2004 Unsafe Operation might cost a defendant $150.00 to $175.00, it now costs in the neighborhood of $400.00 for a first offense.

Given the sizeable fine amount, you might consider why you are in Court trying to get this result at all.  As it happens, you are permitted two “Unsafe Operations”, assuming it is offered,  before a third one would result in four points. While its nickname is the “zero-point” summons, it isn’t zero points on the third or more occasion.  A caveat to this is if your third occasion is beyond five years from the second, in which case you are given a clean slate and you can once again obtain zero points.

There are different schools of thought respecting whether to attempt to retrieve Unsafe Operation and under what circumstances.   There is general agreement among attorneys that a ticket of three or more points is worth the trip to Court for a reduction to zero points.  Some attorneys, however, think that you should attempt to retrieve Unsafe Operation no matter how few points  you are facing.  The theory is that it is simply a bad idea to accumulate any points if you can avoid it.  This writer’s belief is that it is not worth attempting to retrieve an Unsafe Operation if you are facing a simple two point ticket, unless, of course, you are already in point trouble.   The most common two point tickets are speeding  1-14 mph over the speed limit, careless driving and running a red light.  While circumstances vary, $400.00 is a fair sum of money to pay and there may or may not be a comparative increase in your auto insurance costs if you are assessed the points.  Many insurance companies will even forgive your first two point summons so there will be no adverse consequence.  It is advisable to contact your insurance agent and inquire as to whether two points will  affect your insurance costs. If you are a careful driver, haven’t had a ticket in years and are now facing a two point ticket, it might make sense to simply pay the fine.  If the two points bother you, you might consider taking a Defensive Driver course, offered by AAA and other agencies, where a successful completion of the Course can  result in a two point reduction once submitted to DMV. The course is affordable, often less than $100.00.  In effect, you have received the two point reduction that would have cost $400.00  in Court for significantly less.  It could well happen that a year from now, or even six weeks from now, you could get a 4 point ticket that you would better served to go to Court and attempt to retrieve one of the two Unsafe Operations you have available.

For these reasons, I generally do not recommend going to Court and attempting to amend two point tickets to Unsafe Operation unless you already have point trouble.  In the end, each person has to do their own cost/benefit analysis and consider the various factors and reach their own decision.

Are there other zero-point tickets other than Unsafe Operation so I don’t have to pay $400.00 or more?

Yes there are, but the Prosecutor does not readily hand them out.  Prior to 1999 and the advent of 39:4-97.2, Unsafe Operation, we attorneys would appear in Court and attempt to persuade the Prosecutor to amend moving violations to 39:4-67, Obstruction Traffic, or 39:4-56, Delaying Traffic.  These statutes are still on the books.  Since they are effectively not moving violations, no points are associated with them.  Prior to 1999 an attorney and his client would stand before the Judge and enter a factual basis that really had no basis in fact.  Even though he/she committed an entirely different offense (eg. speeding), the defendant claims that he either obstructed or delayed traffic.   If you think about it, it  is impossible to speed,  blow a red light or improperly pass and thereby obstruct or delay traffic.  With the introduction of Unsafe Operation, there was no longer the need to put this fiction before the Court.  Defense attorneys rejoiced until July, 2004 when the State stuck their hands in the till, extracting $250.00 from every Unsafe Operation.  Attempting now to revert back to Obstructing Traffic or Delaying Traffic is met with tremendous resistance due to  the very realistic fact that you neither obstructed traffic or delayed traffic and, moreover,  Unsafe Operation better addresses your bad driving.  Meanwhile,  Municipal Court Judges  have received directives from higher up not to accept pleas without proper factual bases and such attempts will rarely pass their judicial scrutiny.  So, only in rare instances will you be able to get zero points which isn’t Unsafe Operation, and hardly ever if you don’t have an attorney.

When do I speak to the Prosecutor?

Depending on the Court, one of two ways.  The first might be prior to the Judge taking the bench.  The other would be after the Judge’s opening remarks.   In half of the Courts the Prosecutor will be sitting at his desk up close to the Judge’s bench and he or she will entertain conferences with defendants.  You should take this opportunity if it is available.  In the other half of the Courts the Prosecutor has his own office in a nearby or adjoining room.  You will find that there may be a line at his office that you should get in ASAP.  Check the Court Room first and if he’s not there, look for his office.

I can’t wait to tell the Prosecutor what happened.  Once he hears what I have to tell him, he’ll certainly want to dismiss the case.

You might think that once you reach the Prosecutor this is your opportunity to tell your entire sad tale.  Certainly, the Prosecutor, if he is going to understand who you are and get to know you and find out how you ended up in front of him, he will want to know your whole life story.  He will want to know all the details as to how you got your ticket, where you were coming from, where you were going and how you were pulled over for really no good reason.  This may come as a big surprise but, in general, the Prosecutor does not want to hear your version of the facts nor does he care about your life story. He doesn’t have the time to engage you, and the facts of your case that he cares about are right there on your tickets.  Being a Prosecutor, he assumes that you are guilty of the offense as charged. He is not interested in hearing what he will inevitably conclude are your bad defenses.  He does not want to hear how you had to speed in order to get to work on time or that you had to speed in order to pass a slow moving vehicle or that you had to speed in order to get to a rest stop.  He does not want to hear that you were “going with the flow of traffic” and /or it was impossible for the officer to have singled you out.  He does not want to hear that your radar detector didn’t  go off or that the officer was rude to you.  He will be unmoved by your argument that there was “no way” your  four cylinder car could have reached the speed that the officer claimed.   He doesn’t care if it was a speed-trap or that you were going downhill.  He doesn’t want to see the schematics you’ve drawn of the scene or the pictures you have taken of the traffic light depicting that it was green at the time you passed through. If it appears that he is showing the slightest bit of interest in your claims he is merely being polite.

Why doesn’t the Prosecutor want to hear any of this?  The reason is that he has likely been at this job for a long time, has heard it all before and knows that your defense is probably not a defense.  The fact that you were traveling along with the traffic is not a legal defense to speeding.  The fact that your photograph depicts a green light doesn’t prove that it was green when you went through it.  It is not a defense that you drove on the shoulder in order to make your eventual turn.  Believe it or not, you’re not the first person who has approached the Prosecutor with the claim that you had a sick child in the back of your car who was about to throw up.   There is really nothing you can offer the Prosecutor that he hasn’t heard dozens, if not hundreds of times previously.  There will usually be nothing novel about an unrepresented defendant’s so-called “defense.”  Having gone down this road too often,  the Prosecutor has concluded that if he listens to you explain your life away, it does nothing to expedite the proceedings, which is his main objective.

Okay, if the Prosecutor won’t want to listen to me, what is my approach?

In general, Prosecutors have a rule of thumb when it comes to point reductions for unrepresented defendants.   If you are charged with a 5 point ticket, you will likely be offered 4 points, if you are charged with a 4 point ticket, you will be offered 2 points and if you are charged with a 2 point ticket you will be offered zero points and the hefty fines.  Prosecutors may deviate from this general rule and you can benefit as a result.

How do you persuade him to do it?  Your rule of thumb: be brief, be direct and be humble.  Be pleasant and do not be confrontational. What the Prosecutor wants to hear from you is simple: how is your driving record and were you cooperative with the officer.  Those are the two big concerns of any Prosecutor. As stated, he has assumed you’re guilty so now his concern, if he is going to help you, are these mitigating factors.  If you were, in fact, disruptive or rude to the officer, you could be done for, assuming the Prosecutor defers to the officer.  It is at this point where you say how foolish you were.  Acknowledge that the officer was correct to stop you, you were having a really bad day and if need be,  you would like to apologize to the officer.  Hopefully, you did not give the officer a hard time and don’t have to stoop to this.  It can be a bitter pill to swallow.

As for your driving record, if it is good then point that out immediately.  A prosecutor can justify to the Court or the officer offering someone with a good driving record a good plea agreement.  Don’t say its good if it isn’t because it is altogether possible that the Prosecutor has your driving history in his hand. While you maybe have gotten nowhere trying to obtain your driving history from DMV, your abstract is easily attainable in the Court and can be retrieved if necessary.

If your records isn’t so good and you have point issues, you may have to come at the Prosecutor from another angle.  If he doesn’t bring it up, don’t bring it to his attention.  If it surfaces, here you might point out the obvious fact that you really can’t afford to get more points on your license. (After all, a person in point trouble could use the help more than someone with a good driving record).  Perhaps, previously you had gotten tickets and simply paid them because you were guilty.  You didn’t see the point in bothering the Court and fighting them (though you likely see the point now).  Perhaps you had a bad streak and you’ve been doing a whole lot better lately.  You have to work with what you got.

Another factor the Prosecutor considers is the egregiousness of your offense.  The more egregious, the less willing he will be to help you. Egregiousness, like everything, is relative.  Were you one of those obnoxious drivers driving on the shoulder to avoid traffic?  Were you going 90+ mph and weaving in and out of cars?  Or were you committing an offense that everyone does, a rolling stop through a stop sign or caught between the yellow and the red light?  The latter scenarios are clearly less egregious than the former and will be greeted with a more receptive Prosecutor.  In all likelihood, the Prosecutor can relate.  He may even have driven in the same manner on his way to Court!

Notwithstanding the above, it is altogether possible that you can say and do all the right things and still not get the best outcome.  Each Prosecutor and each Court have its own personality.  The Prosecutor might not give you the time of day or the Judge might not permit certain plea agreements or the officer may be less than cooperative.  There are too many variables to guarantee any absolute result.

Why would the Prosecutor be willing to downgrade my charge if he could easily convict me?

Consider the following.  The fact is that there are scores of matters before the Court during your session.  The Prosecutor, if he wanted, could prosecute every defendant in the Courtroom and he could likely convict 95% of those he tries. The defendant, particularly the unrepresented defendant, is at a significant disadvantage.  Clearly though, if the Prosecutor were to prosecute the entire Courtroom, the Court session would go on for hours on end.  No one wants this to happen.  The Prosecutor, the Judge, the Court Staff all want to get home eventually, just like everyone else.  Moreover, most Prosecutors are not terrible guys and they recognize that defendants in a Municipal Court, by in large, are not criminals.  They were unlucky enough to have been pulled over and issued a summons or two and they have appeared in Court to do some damage control.  They are hopeful that there can be a reduction in the number of points they are facing and thereby minimize the consequences they may face from DMV and their insurance company.

While the Judge may tell you in his opening remarks that the Court does not hand out points, which it doesn’t (DMV does), he and the Prosecutor and everyone else knows that points are really the name of the game.  There is of course the occasional defendant who insists he did nothing wrong and when push comes to shove the Prosecutor will give him a trial.  But, given the time constraints, the calendar load and the recognition that you aren’t a criminal, the Prosecutor is often willing to make a plea agreement with a defendant  to save everyone the aggravation.

What if I have more than one moving violation?  What do I say to the Prosecutor then?

Sometimes you have the misfortune of having two or more movable violations with points coming at you in large quantities.  In these cases it is advisable to get what could be called a “package deal” where you can perhaps plea to one of the tickets and dismiss the other ticket or tickets.  You can even ask for the remaining ticket’s points to be reduced.  As an example, a four-point speeding ticket could be reduced to two points and the other two-point Careless Driving ticket could be dismissed.   Rest assured you will likely not convince a Prosecutor to go from 7 points to zero or from 9 to 2 but there are some  palatable combinations that can work.  Some consolation in this situation, if there is any, is that there are fewer fines to pay since a ticket or tickets are being dismissed.  If you are facing a two point ticket and a four point ticket, the Prosecutor may suggest you plead to the four point ticket and he’ll dismiss the 2 pointer.  Test the water and ask if you can plea to the 2 point ticket and dismiss the 4 pointer.  Use the same strategy  if you are facing two tickets with higher point quantities.   For those of you facing three or more moving violations, not good, you really should have hired an attorney.

NOTE:  This may be a good time to discuss the issue of “merger.”  Until fairly recently, merging one ticket into another was the practical equivalent of dismissing the merged ticket.  Not so anymore.  This is a murky issue which came to light with respect to how court personnel were entering disposed tickets into the Automated Traffic System (ATS).  Presently, if one ticket is merged into another, say for instance a careless driving ticket is merged into a speeding ticket, you don’t pay fines for the merged ticket but you may still get the DMV points.  This can be a very sticky situation.  A Prosecutor may say “Okay, we’ll merge the other tickets into your reckless driving ticket” and you feel great that all these other tickets went away.  Then months later you receive a surcharge notification from DMV saying you’ve been assessed all the points for the merged summonses.  So when dealing with the Prosecutor, you don’t want your associated tickets “merged”, you want them dismissed.

What about these other tickets I received for no seatbelt or not having a document in my possession?  What do I do about them?

While these tickets, such as 39:3-29, not having a certain document in your possession, or 39:3-76.2, seatbelt tickets, seem as though the officer was rubbing salt in your wounds, such tickets can often be used as leverage.  There is no point consequence to nonmoving violations in New Jersey so a combination of pleas where you plea to such tickets in exchange for a greater reduction in points is altogether realistic.  The Prosecutor may offer to dismiss the 39:3-29 or the seatbelt ticket but you can suggest that you would be willing to pay it in exchange for a greater reduction in points.  If the Prosecutor doesn’t bite, make sure you ask him to  dismiss such summonses as they translate into money out of your pocket for no real good reason.

I’ve worked out my deal with the Prosecutor, what’s next?

Thanks to your brief, direct and humble approach, you’ve worked out an agreement with the Prosecutor. Find a seat in the Courtroom close to the front or near the aisle and wait for your name to be called to appear before the Judge.  At this point it is fairly random when you will be called and whether your name begins with A or Z is of no consequence.  When you hear your name called, approach either the defense table (that’s the second table up front where the Prosecutor is not sitting) or the microphone that may be in the middle between the Prosecution and Defense tables.  The Judge will look at you and say something very judicious such as “Are you so-and-so (insert your name)?”  Either he or the Prosecutor will then go over the plea agreement you have reached.

Most Judges will then go into a brief colloquy with you.  He may ask if you entered this plea bargain voluntarily.  Did anyone force you to enter this plea arrangement.  Are you aware that by entering a guilty plea you are giving up your right to trial and your right to cross-examine the State’s witnesses?  Knowing that are you still willing to plea guilty?  Next is the “kicker.”  The Judge will ask if you are acknowledging that on such-and-such date in the town of such-and-such  you drove in the manner to which you are pleading guilty.  This can make some people feel a little uneasy.  You are being asked to admit you did something wrong and maybe you aren’t so convinced.  Nonetheless, you’re faced with this yes or no question.  For the Court to accept your plea it has to hear from your lips an admission of wrongdoing.  It is called “entering a factual basis.”   If you say either “No” or “No, but I figure I better say I’m guilty to get the benefit of a plea bargain” or anything that sounds remotely like you’re not sure you want to go through with this, the Judge slams on the brakes and says, “Oh well, I guess we’re going to have a trial, sit back down.”  If you didn’t do anything wrong and want to have a trial, by all means, say “No”, or alternatively, don’t bother discussing your matter with the Prosecutor in the first place.  However, if you want to get out of Court and to the payment window in the next three minutes you will acknowledge that “yes” you made an error in driving.  Once said, it is smooth sailing and the Judge assesses fines and costs and sends you on your way.  Note: Some Judges surprisingly skip the whole “factual basis” exercise and save you any trepidation.

I’m done.  Do I have to pay my fine now? What if I didn’t bring any money?

Go to the window where you first checked in many hours earlier and provide your name so you can make payment.  Whatever you do, do not go to Court without any funds. The Court expects, and the Judge may address it in his opening remarks, that you have come with money in your pockets prepared to pay the fines.  Most Courts do not want to become your creditor.  The Courts have drawers full of time payment arrangements and they don’t want to add you to the list.  If funds are an issue, bring at least $100.00 with you for payment as a good faith effort and explain that you are simply unable to make the payment at this time. Very few Courts will let you leave without paying anything.  Once again, being humble is a good idea.  The Court does not have to accept a time payment arrangement, they do it entirely as an accommodation  and they can even put you in jail, should they choose, if you can’t make full payment.   You might have to break out that cell phone you turned off earlier to call a friend or spouse for funds.   If you can, offer to pay the balance of what you owe quickly.  Extending payments too far is not met with receptiveness.  As far as payment goes, all Courts accept cash or checks and about half will accept credit cards.  Lastly, if you enter a payment arrangement, make sure you pay the Court as agreed and if you can’t, call them and advise as such.  They will hopefully extend you additional time.  If you ignore your obligation, the Court can and will issue a warrant for your arrest and/or suspend your driving privileges.

Are there some Courts that are harder to deal with than others?  Does it make a difference from county to county?

Yes.  While most Municipal Courts function very similarly, there are Courts/Prosecutors/Judges that are simply less amenable to plea bargaining than others.  Just like every person has a different personality, so too does each Court.  It would be an exhaustive exercise to rank or critique each individual Court and even if attempted, Judges and Prosecutors can come and go which would change the landscape altogether.    I will say, however,  that I have appeared in Municipal Courts in every County of New Jersey and for whatever reason, the northwest part of the State (Warren County) can be very unforgiving.  Maybe it’s the colder weather?

I really didn’t commit an offense.  Do I have to enter a plea agreement?

No.  If you didn’t commit any offense you obviously have the option to go to trial.  The Prosecutor will have to prove your guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.  It is possible, though not guaranteed, that justice will prevail.  Given the layperson’s unfamiliarity with the law, it is advisable to retain an attorney if you desire to take your matter to trial.

Would having an attorney have moved the process any faster?

Yes!  Court Rules require, and the Judge will tell you during his opening remarks, that matters with attorneys take precedence over matters without attorneys.  If there weren’t enough reasons not to like attorneys this is yet another that can be added to the list.  The lawyers get to cut in front of you to speak to the Prosecutor  and after that, the Judge moves the lawyers’ cases post haste.  Ever since preschool you’ve been told that its wrong to cut in line, but an attorney in Municipal Court is allowed to do it, does it quite brazenly, and astonishingly, you are told that those are in fact the rules!  If you are one of those people who end up waiting 4 or 5 hours for your case to be heard you will wonder why you didn’t hire an attorney who got in and out of Court in an hour. These Court rules exist  to accommodate the fact that lawyers have to often be in more than one Court at a time.  The rules seem to give little weight to the fact that the unrepresented defendant has places he or she might like to be as well.  Where you have to be is apparently not as important as where I have to be.  Sorry, those are the rules.

Why else hire an Attorney?

Since this tutorial tells you  everything you need to know about Municipal Court (that’s sarcasm) you may wonder why would you need an attorney.   An attorney is schooled, trained and experienced.  He is familiar with the rules of evidence, knows what defenses do and don’t  work and often has familiarity with the players involved in your Municipal Court hearing.  You yourself represent very little opposition to an experienced Prosecutor.  If you don’t like the deal he proposes or if he doesn’t propose a deal you have little leverage or ability to counter this fact.  Conversely, an attorney represents a genuine obstacle.  He can make appropriate motions and knows the appropriate means, if any, to combat the proofs presented.  Even if you defense might not succeed, the threat of a defense will often cause a Prosecutor to offer a better plea bargain.  It is simply a matter of fact that a represented defendant will generally receive a better plea offer than the unrepresented one.

Beyond the above, an attorney provides a certain comfort level you otherwise don’t have.  He knows where to go, who to speak to, where to sit, where to stand, what to say  and, as indicated earlier, he gets preference over the other matters without attorneys.

Hopefully you will find the above useful.  Again, I do not recommend going to Court alone.  If you have a NJ Speeding Ticket or other New Jersey Traffic Ticket please visit our website www.njpleabargain.com.  We will be happy to offer any assistance we can.

www.njpleabargain.com

    DISCLAIMER:  THIS TUTORIAL IS NOT INTENDED TO BE A SUBSTITUTE FOR AN IN-DEPTH CONSULTATION WITH AN ATTORNEY.  IT DOES NOT PROVIDE CASE LAW OR EXPLAIN RULES OF EVIDENCE OR OTHERWISE PREPARE A DEFENDANT FOR TRIAL. THESE MATERIALS ARE DESIGNED TO ASSIST A DEFENDANT IN UNDERSTANDING THE NEW JERSEY MUNICIPAL  COURT PROCESS AND TO PROVIDE PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS RESPECTING COURT APPEARANCE AND PLEA NEGOTIATION, NOTHING MORE. THERE IS NO GUARANTEE, WRITTEN OR IMPLIED THAT BY FOLLOWING THESE GUIDELINES  YOU WILL ACHIEVE YOUR DESIRED RESULT. THE TUTORIAL ADDRESSES TYPICAL NEW JERSEY MOVING VIOLATIONS CARRYING NJ DMV POINTS AND IS NOT DESIGNED TO ADDRESS MORE SERIOUS DRIVING OFFENSES SUCH AS DWI, DRIVING WHILE SUSPENDED, LEAVING THE SCENE OF AN ACCIDENT OR DRUG OFFENSES. THESE AND OTHER SUCH OFFENSES MAY HAVE MORE SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES AND  SHOULD BE DISCUSSED IN FULL WITH AN ATTORNEY.  

DISCLAIMER:  THIS TUTORIAL IS NOT INTENDED TO BE A SUBSTITUTE FOR AN IN-DEPTH CONSULTATION WITH AN ATTORNEY.  IT DOES NOT PROVIDE CASE LAW OR EXPLAIN RULES OF EVIDENCE OR OTHERWISE PREPARE A DEFENDANT FOR TRIAL. THESE MATERIALS ARE DESIGNED TO ASSIST A DEFENDANT IN UNDERSTANDING THE NEW JERSEY MUNICIPAL  COURT PROCESS AND TO PROVIDE PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS RESPECTING COURT APPEARANCE AND PLEA NEGOTIATION, NOTHING MORE. THERE IS NO GUARANTEE, WRITTEN OR IMPLIED THAT BY FOLLOWING THESE GUIDELINES  YOU WILL ACHIEVE YOUR DESIRED RESULT. THE TUTORIAL ADDRESSES TYPICAL NEW JERSEY MOVING VIOLATIONS CARRYING NJ DMV POINTS AND IS NOT DESIGNED TO ADDRESS MORE SERIOUS DRIVING OFFENSES SUCH AS DWI, DRIVING WHILE SUSPENDED, LEAVING THE SCENE OF AN ACCIDENT OR DRUG OFFENSES. THESE AND OTHER SUCH OFFENSES MAY HAVE MORE SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES AND  SHOULD BE DISCUSSED IN FULL WITH AN ATTORNEY.

The first type of boring pencil drawing tutorials are just too short. There are a few pictures in various stages, and underneath you find a few captions, and that’s it. The captions are short sentences that explain the technique. They are useful but they never fail to make me think that there should be more.

It just doesn’t feel natural. It’s like talking to someone who always reply with short sentences. You ask them a question, they give you a one word answer. Then you think, probably they’re just shy. So you try again to make contact and you bring up another subject. This time they do a little better. They come with up exactly two words, just so they can make up a sentence to satisfy you.

You ever meet somebody like that? It’s almost impossible to carry on a conversation with people like that. And it’s probably people who are like that who will put out tutorials that are so short.

The second type of tutorials that will bore you to tears, are just too serious. They talk nothing but technique, technique, technique. That’s like having an art teacher, who walks into the classroom and talk nothing but art techniques.

There are no stories, no background information, no interesting examples, no nothing. Just a bunch of boring information on art theories and techniques. A computer can do this job. We don’t need a human being if it’s just dishing out information.

What we really need, is someone who can connect and respond to the students. No computer in the world can do that.

I developed a drawing Home Study Course for the members of my own website, and I promise them that there’ll be no boring, monotonous drawing tutorials from me!

I can’t stand those materials, so I won’t make it worse by producing more contaminants for this world. So what I did was to go on with my usual story telling style, and tell the most interesting stories and deliver the most digestible drawing tutorials to my members.

No more boring pencil drawing tutorials for anyone!

Taking my terrier for a walk is never a relaxing experience. It’s go, go, go all the way, with no time to sit back and admire the scenery or even slow down for a second.
Much like taking the Mazda3 MPS hot hatch for a spin, really. With a jaw-dropping 256bhp from a turbocharged 2.3-litre turbocharged four engine, there’s an almost obscene amount of power to tap into for such a modest-sized five-door.
And performance is equally as devastating – a lightning 6.1 seconds from standstill to 62mph, making this the quickest hatch around and a limited 155mph top speed that’s comfortably more than double the legal limit.
Yes, the Mazda3 MPS is very, very quick ad it also proves itself a compulsively attacking drive – this is one car that doesn’t really want or deserve to trundle around town and belongs out on the open road.
Flooring the accelerator and lifting the clutch is a brave thing to do on a car like this and I was rightly wary of the power blitz this unleashes. The initial disappointment is that there just isn’t enough steering feedback dialled in at lower speeds, which distances the driver from what’s happening between tyres and tarmac.
But steering does firm up better at higher speeds and there’s the bonus of a lightning-quick, springy six-speed gearbox to whip through the changes as you progress.
But with traffic as it is on our roads, I rarely got the chance to sit the car comfortably in top gear for long without having to change down, though this would obviously be a bonus on a long-haul journey.
Manoeuvring the little Mazda is a consistent pleasure. The hatch tackles everything with supreme confidence that you can throw at it and relishes the opportunity to snap through bends while remaining stubbornly horizontal rather than dropping a shoulder. There’s a huge amount of reassuring grip, and the balance is there to add to the driving experience.
Ride is generally good for this type of car – bumps are more heard than felt – and firm but comfortable, supportive sports seats are finely adjustable, shoring you up in all the right places.
Inside, the MPS is sportily themed without going overboard into boy racer territory. A bulky but low-lying black dashboard is adorned with a grey and silver centre stack and hooded main dials are well protected from light pollution, Alfa style.
Like all Mazdas, most displays are neat, simple and easy to follow, though some of the heat-ventilation markings are confusing and set low down.
The worrying thing for Mazda is that although it’s hottest of the hot, today’s opposition has some really high-grade contenders, many of which actually look more impressive.
The Focus ST, Golf GTI and Astra VXR all have more presence than the Mazda, which has rather unconvincing side skirts, fussy bumper adornments around the foglamps, a rear spoiler and big-bore exhaust. And there’s no three-door version, usually favoured by hot hatch purists.
On a purely practical note, the Mazda 3 MPS has a wide, unobstructed and useful boot and an easy-release system ensures the rear seat tip forward easily to free up more space.
But there’s no double-tumble action, so the load space ends up almost flat rather than horizontal.
As an understated hot hatch with the most, the Mazda3 MPS is a firebrand that can see off all class rivals on the road. But its low-key image could prove a curse rather than a blessing in a market where image really counts.
http://www.motorstoday.co.uk/viewarticle2.aspx?sectionid=549&articleid=3684248
Factfile:
* Mazda3 MPS sports hatch, £18,995 (£19,495 with Sports Aero Kit).
* BOSE sound system standard on all MPS models.
* Most powerful front-drive car on the market, with 0-62mph in 6.1 seconds and electronically-limited 155mph top speed.
* Powered by 2.3-litre, four-cylinder engine with a turbocharger and advanced direct-injection spark ignition.
* Class-leading 260PS and 380 Nm of torque.
* Stiffer springs, larger anti-roll bars and high-performance dampers.
* MPS-branded sports seas, leather-wrapped steering wheel, gearknob and handbrake.
* Climate control air-con, high-power Xenon headlamps, auto lights and rain-sensing wipers.

If you’ve been visiting the thousands and thousands of drawing website available on the Internet, chances are you’re getting pretty tired of not getting the information that you’re looking for. To solve that problem, let’s take a look at what makes an excellent drawing website.

The very first thing that you should be looking for, is that the drawing website should be run by someone who’s really passionate about art, just like you. The whole point of knowing who is behind that website is to find out the motivation of the site owner for starting a drawing website.

If the motivation is just to earn a quick buck from the visitors, it’ll show through from the site’s contents. What you get will be short articles or drawing lessons will just one or two tips. And that’s hardly enough to satisfy the appetite of the website visitors. There are thousands of hungry artists like you and me that’s looking for quality information with ready solutions to our problems.

Unfortunately, by now you should have realized that it’s not so easy to find all the solutions in one place. So an excellent website should also be a solution provider. The more solution it provides for the artist, the better the website is. Drawing or painting websites with a huge amount of high quality information almost alway attract artists naturally.

Artists want high quality information and will respond favourably to high quality content. A website will also score some points if it has a section somewhere for the artists to voice their opinions. For example, a forum, a blog for user to leave comments, etc.

From my own research as a website owner, I find such websites to be rare. I think that’s partly because it’s hard to find someone who is very passionate about art and the Internet at the same time. Most artists aren’t too savvy about starting websites. Don’t get me wrong, I’m not talking about just starting a blog here or two. I’m talking about executing the real hardcore stuff such as promoting a website using email marketing, ppc, and using a bunch of marketing tools that most people have ever heard of.

So when you find someone who’s both passionate about art and setting up websites, join them as a member or something and stick with them. These sites won’t come by every day.